Start event symbol signals the … Read about the types of flowcharts in detail here. Flowcharts use simple geometric shapes to depict processes and arrows to show relationships and process/data flow. (You probably won’t use the paper tape symbol, but it definitely came in handy back in the day.) Â, Single and multiple document icons show that there are additional points of reference involved in your flowchart. Most of the flowchart symbols shown here are for use in very specific applications, such as a data flow diagram used for computer programming. This is only a single-tier representation of how any user can use a flowchart to generate or write bug-free codes because they are … Input and Output Symbols. The various flowchart symbols available within the Shapes galleries of Microsoft Office applications can represent different concepts. This programming flowchart template can help you: - Show the logic underlying a program. A decision or branching point. Any drawing program can be used to create flowchart diagrams, but these will have no underlying data model to share data with databases or other programs such as project management systems or spreadsheet.Many software packages exist that can create flowcharts automatically, either directly from a programming language source code, or from a flowchart description language. While all the above are examples of generic flowchart shapes, you may be using a different type of modeling notation that includes more specific use cases — and more specific shapes to match. A box can represent a single step ("add two cups of flour"), or and entire sub-process ("make bread") within a larger process. Program Flowchart Symbols Program Flowchart Shapes. Flowcharts normally use standard symbols to represent the different types of instructions. Save. We threw together a little cheat sheet-slash-key of flowchart symbols you can use to keep drawing. www.youtube.com. Programming flowchart symbols Tips & Guide Programming flowchart symbols: No Longer a Mystery The physician has to bear in mind that the effect of the lab examination isn’t the only diagnostic variable needed to validate the state of the individual. Â, Data symbols clarify where the data your flowchart references is being stored. And while there are many different types of arrow tips to choose from, we recommend sticking with one or two for your entire flowchart. The Rectangle Shape - represents a process. Remember to use the same symbol again to show that your flowchart is … by vwatts. The flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem. Symbols or Notations in Flowchart There are a large number of shapes used in drawing flowcharts and process flows. A flowchart is a pictorial representation depicting the flow of steps in a program or business process in an organization. should follow a very basic set of best practices, By continuing to use the website, you consent to the use of cookies. Flowchart symbols are used by a user or a programmer when drawing or making a flowchart whether on paper or online software. The flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting the boxes with arrows. Algorithm and flowcharts helps to clarify all the steps for solving the problem. A typical flowchart from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols: Start and end symbols, represented as lozenges, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product". Let's go over each flowchart symbol individually. These are the shapes and connectors that represent the different types of actions or steps in a process. Following are a couple of of the things that impact the conventional blood pressure array. Saved by Lisa R S. 5. For example, the input could be provided by a user like at an ATM machine or in a form online or it could data provided by an instrument like a temperature read. The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known as “flowcharting”. Represents a set-up to another step in the process. Find the Fibonacci series till term≤1000. These symbols are used to construct the flowchart and show the step-by-step solution to the problem. “Begin” elem… It is another commonly used programming tool. Represents multiple documents in the process. Flowchart symbols defined business plex process flow chart symbols ppt flow chart symbols cheat sheet breezetree flowchart an overview sciencedirect basic flowchart symboleaning Flowchart Tutorial With Symbols And ExlesTo Flowchart Symbols From Basic Advanced GliffyFlowchart And Algorithm Algorithms FlowchartsFlowchart Tutorial With Symbols And ExlesFlowchart Symbols In Programming … flowchart symbols and meaning in programming pdf. > Flowchart Symbols > Flowchart Symbols and Their Usage Posted by Allison Lynch | 12/23/2020 Here provides a rich set of flowchart symbols , which shows steps in the sequence and is widely used in visually illustrating the flow of algorithms, workflow, or processes. Flowchart symbols - specific shapes used to create a visual representation of a program . A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. Data is either input a process requires or an output that the process hands off to the next step. Open this template to view a detailed example of a programming flowchart that you can customize to your use case. Flowcharts can provide a step-by-step diagram for mapping out complex situations, such as programming code or troubleshooting problems with a computer.To the right, is an image from … Computer Coding For Kids Computer Programming Languages C Programming Computer Science Coding Jobs Coding Class Coding For Beginners C Tutorials Technology Lessons. Flowchart Symbols. A simple yet explanatory example of creating a program with C or C++ or even Java is given below. Flowcharts use special shapes to represent different types of actions or steps in a process. An algorithm is a step-by-step analysis of the process, while a flowchart explains the steps of a program in a graphical way. Edraw program flowchart templates offer you many special program flowchart symbols, such as start, process, decision, end. The rounded rectangles, or terminal points, indicate the flowchart's starting and ending points. Your Guide to the Most Common Types of Flowcharts, Flowchart Examples & Free Flowchart Templates. We can define a Flowchart as the directional representation of the logic. In addition the basic flowchart conventions, rules, and symbols, these intermediate flowchart symbols will help you describe your process with even more detail. The three basic elements of an SDL diagram are system definition, the block and the process. For instance, at a software development firm, the programming department may utilize flowchart symbols to outline a specific diagram for an application, data processing program or a user flow software. What is Program, Algorithm and Flowchart | Flow chart, Programming tutorial, Algorithm. Common flowcharting symbols and examples follow. 4. Flowchart Programming. This could be a binary, this-or-that choice or a more complex decision with multiple choices. 0. With this flowchart, computer algorithms are brainstormed using a unique set of symbols to map out real-time systems. Indicates that the process flow continues in more than two branches. Flowchart Symbols. a year ago. Â. With those four basic symbols, you likely have everything you need to get started on your own flowchart! The terminator symbol marks the starting or ending point of the system. Indicates a step that orders information into a standard format. What does this symbol represent? Watch this quick video learn more about flowchart symbols. 709 x 693 png 44kB. The rectangle is your go-to symbol once you've started flowcharting. 7th - 8th grade. Indicates a step that organizes a list of items into a sequence or sets based on some pre-determined criteria. Return to this section in later chapters to review the advanced symbols and examples. I like to use ellipse for “begin” and “end”. Flowchart Symbols. The following list shows first the most commonly used flowchart symbols followed by more process-specific symbols. This keeps your diagram looking clean, but also allows you to emphasize certain steps in your process. Flowcharts use simple geometric shapes to depict processes and arrows to show relationships and process/data flow. The symbol ‘=’ is used in most of the programming language as an assignment symbol, the same has been used in all the algorithms and flowcharts in the manual. The most common shape is a rectangle used to show a single action or operation. It represents any step in the process you’re diagramming and is the workhorse of the flowchart diagram. Flow Line. The steps of a flowchart do not have a specific size and shape rather it is designed in different shapes and sizes (see the image given below). Also could be met as an “ellipse”, ”circle”, but it has the same meaning. Flowchart Symbols DRAFT. Wikipedia has a great summary of the history of flowcharts, read more in this wiki section. Sign up for SmartDraw free. Use rectangles to capture process steps like basic tasks or actions in your process. This sequence of actions could be described in more detail on a separate flowchart. Read More. Get Free Flowchart Symbols For Programming now and use Flowchart Symbols For Programming immediately to get % off or $ off or free shipping. if statement in c programming with flowchart - YouTube. Unless you have specialized knowledge and your diagram is being developed for a peer group with similar knowledge, it's best to stick to basic flowchart symbols. Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. Check the flowchart symbols page for a detailed explanation of different symbols. Make sure that you capture each possible choice within your diagram. Flowchart to find roots of a quadratic equation. Rectangle Shape - Represents a process Oval or Pill Shape - Represents the start or end Diamond Shape - Represents a decision Parallelogram - Represents input/output. What is a flowchart? Branching and Control of Flow Symbols. Flowcharts use simple geometric shapes to depict processes and arrows to show relationships and process/data flow. With this list, you can figure out the most commonly used flowchart symbols as well as those that are little-known. Allan H. Mogensen is credited with training business people on how to use flowcharts. a year ago. Elements are represented by simple icons (circles, rectangles, diamonds, or other shapes), with lines and arrows representing connections between events and the direction or order in which they occur. Search. Programming flowchart example. Different flowchart shapes have different conventional meanings. These are called flowchart symbols.Here you will see flowchart symbols and meaning with example and diagram.Flowchart symbols are used by a user or a programmer when drawing or making a flowchart whether on paper or online software. 21. 77% average accuracy. A flowchart can also be used to define a process or project to be implemented. Flowchart Symbols and Meaning - Provides a visual representation of basic flowchart symbols and their proposed use in professional workflow diagram, standard process flow diagram and communicating the structure of a well-developed web site, as well as their correlation in developing on-line instructional projects. (Arrow, Connector) Flow line connectors show … It usually contains the word "Start" or "End.". 0. Edit. Flowchart programming examples. Iransfer structures in programming using flowchart symbols (Simarks) II. Symbols Used In Flowchart Different symbols are used for different states in flowchart, For example: Page 11/29. Description. As such, in most cases, you don’t need to worry too much about the standards and rules of all the flowchart symbols.In fact, a simple flowchart, constructed with just rectangular blocks and flowlines, can already get most jobs done. 1. In Flowchart symbols, lines and the arrow shows the sequence of the Process or instructions and the connections among them. Edit. The Detailed Note on Flowcharts in Computer Programming, definition, Symbols, Advantages and Examples of flow charts. See a full library of flowchart symbols. It is also considered as a blueprint of a design used for solving a specific problem. Indicates a sequence of commands that will continue to repeat until stopped manually. Use the Gliffy flowchart tool to drag and drop one of these bad boys and you've got yourself the beginning of a flowchart. In the Yourdon and Coad way, processes are depicted as circles, while in the Gane and Sarson diagram the processes are squares with rounded corners. Flowchart Solution is number of diagraming stencils including special set of flow chart symbols such as: terminator, process, decision which indicates a decision points between two or more paths in a flowchart, symbol of delay. CNET Editors' Rating: Create flowcharts for programs Start Now. It uses several geometrical figures to represent the operations and arrows to show the direction of flow. Capture and Share Your Ideas in Just a Few Clicks, Guide to Flowchart Symbols, from Basic to Advanced, AWS Architecture Diagram Examples and Templates for Gliffy's AWS Architecture Diagram Tool, Examples of Wireframes and How to Create a Wireframe, Guide to BPMN Symbols: How to Read Business Process Model and Notation Diagrams, What is a Flowchart? Flowchart Symbols and Meaning - Provides a visual representation of basic flowchart symbols and their proposed use in professional workflow diagram, standard process flow diagram and communicating the structure of a well-developed web site, as well as their correlation in developing on … The flowchart uses different symbols to design a solution to a problem. While these are pictured with rectangles, the text in the rectangle mostly includes a verb. The diamond symbolizes that a decision is required to move forward. So… This means “start” or said as a programmer – “An entry point for the algorithm”. Accounting Flowchart Symbols. There are many other flowchart symbols like Sequential access storage, Direct data, Manual input, etc. Find helpful articles, papers, videos, and more from our seasoned experts. A parallelogram represents data in a flowchart. Browse our guides or talk to our team. Iransfer structures in programming using flowchart symbols (Simarks) II. Lines representing different decisions emerge from different points of the diamond. The arrow is used to guide the viewer along their flowcharting path. Also known as an “Action Symbol,” this shape represents a … A flowchart can be useful for illustrating the overall algorithm (process) graphically, particularly when learning programming. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. When I divide an algorithm in several parts I use small circles for the start/end of each part. Programmers often use it as a program-planning tool to solve a problem. A flowchart for BIN3 is shown in Figure 4.2.The program title is placed in the start symbol at the top of the flowchart, and the processes required are … An algorithm presents step-by-step instruction required to solve any problem. Play this game to review Programming. Process symbol. Flowcharts are used to illustrate algorithms in order to aid in the visualisation of a program. To learn more about how to speed up programming, review the corresponding lesson Flowchart Symbols in Programming: Definition, Functions & Examples. Preview this quiz on Quizizz. Indicates a step where two or more sub-lists or sub-processes become one. Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of sequence of logical steps of a program. Flowchart symbols - specific shapes used to create a visual representation of a program . This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem. Finally, the flowchart is then expressed in any programming language like c/c++, visual basics, C#, etc. The program will have code to interpret the input and generate an output. A flowchart can help visualize the steps in a system including inputs, outputs, and loops. ... Flowchart Symbols In Programming Definition Functions Exles Lesson Transcript Study. User Flow Diagram Process Flow Diagram Workflow Diagram Process Chart Flowchart Diagram Work Flow Chart Flow Chart Design Flowchart … Works on your Mac or any other device. Other, Computers. We're here for you! There are two different types of approaches to symbols in data flow diagrams: Yourdon and Coad and Gane and Sarson. Flowcharts in Computer Programming. A flowchart is a graphical representation of decisions and their results mapped out in individual shapes that were first developed by Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann in the 1940s. Start Now. Where To Download Flowchart Questions And Solutions Flowchart Symbols DRAFT. vwatts. The oval, or terminator, is used to represent the start and end of a process. Here is a chart for some of the common symbols used in drawing flowcharts. Indicates the point at which a loop should stop. What does this symbol represent? - Visualize your program's code. Sticking with these two primary flowchart symbols is the best way to ensure that your diagram will be easy to understand. The terminator symbol represents the starting or ending point of the system. This programming flowchart template can help you: - Show the logic underlying a program. In Flowchart symbols, lines and the arrow shows the sequence of the Process or instructions and the connections among them. Represents material or information entering or leaving the system, such as customer order (input) or a product (output). Indicates that the process continues off page. Flowcharts are used to illustrate algorithms in order to aid in the visualisation of a program. A flow-chart represents the general steps in a process. Flowchart symbols are used by a user or a programmer when drawing or making a flowchart whether on paper or online software. It is another commonly used programming tool. The first figure is oval. Â, Agreed-upon merging and connector symbols make it easier to connect flowcharts that span multiple pages. Terminal. By looking at the flowchart one can understand the operations and sequence of operations performed in a system. 768 x 604 png 85kB. Although these are the standard symbols available in most flowchart software , some people do use different shapes for different meanings. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. If more than the most basic flowchart symbols appear in your diagram, it is good practice to include a legend or symbol key. Here's some recommended reading if you want to learn more before creating a flowchart: Gliffy by Perforce © 2020 Perforce Software, Inc.Terms of Use  |  Privacy Policy | Sitemap. Stage Design - A Discussion between Industry Professionals. As shown in the above image, the boxes in different shapes and interconnected with arrows, are logically making a flow chart. Remember to use the same symbol again to show that your flowchart is complete. 1. Flowchart are very helpful in writing program and explaining program to others. Flowchart symbols are specific shapes used to create a visual representation of a program. Create algorithm and flowchart to find the area and perimeter of a rectangle Let Length (L) of the rectangle =20 and Breadth (B) = 10. Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of sequence of logical steps of a program. Each flowline connects two blocks. Played 267 times. The output could be a series of things: a message printed on a the user interface or data handed off to another process. When we start flow chart it is the first symbol which we enter into our flow chart if program use calls for a pause where pause statement calls normally in a program in some sort of the error condition then for that logic terminal also uses in addition terminal … Simple Flowcharting Symbols Terminal . There are four basic symbols in the program flowchart, start, process, decision, and end. Most flowcharts should be built using only the Start/End and Action or Process symbols and should follow a very basic set of best practices. FLOWCHARTS . What is a Flowchart? Terminal symbol indicates the beginning or … A flowchart is basically not concerned with the detail of the logic but it simply shows the main theme of the algorithm or program. The meanings of some of the more common shapes are as follows: Terminator. Check out these additional resources: You’ve got the building blocks to make an awesome flowchart, so get started!Â. flowchart symbols in programming - flowchart in word. Visualize Your Program or Algorithm as a Flowchart Before You Write Code. Flowchart definition flow chart flowchart symbols poster teaching your to making flowcharts flowchart symbols 8 3 13 flowchart shapes and description. Represents a step where a user is prompted to enter information manually. - Visualize your program's code. Process Â, Input and output symbols show where and how data is coming in and out throughout your process. Flowchart is a very intuitive method to describe processes. Flow chart in C is defined as the pictorial representation of steps involved in solving a problem step by step by using various shapes. The Oval or Pill Shape - represents the start/end. Flowchart Symbols in Programming: Definition, Functions & Examples - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com Much like symbols on a map can tell us what action to take, flowchart symbols represent the various actions of a computer program. 1280 x 720 jpeg 67kB. Some of the basic flowchart symbols can be seen here: Functions of … Whether you're trying to read a flowchart or creating a flowchart, knowing the most common flowchart symbols and conventions is going to make it a lot easier. It makes use of symbols which are connected among them to indicate the flow of information and processing. - Access the flowchart shape library. The oval, or terminator, is used to represent the start and end of a process. By looking at the flowchart one can understand the operations and sequence of operations performed in a system. Indicates a step that displays information. Algorithm and Flowchart : In order to write computer programming without any logical error, it is recommended programmers prepare a rough writing showing the steps involved in the program. Most flowchart software, some people do use different shapes for different meanings the above are a large number shapes. Sets based on some pre-determined criteria you to emphasize certain steps in a system C #,.. Contains the word `` start '' or `` end. `` ' Rating: flowcharts..., ‘Try Again’, ‘Choose your Plan’.n ' when learning Programming program with C or C++ or even Java given. Geometric shapes to depict processes and arrows to show a single action or process example! If more than two branches process of drawing a flowchart Before you Write.! This keeps your diagram not concerned with the detail of the basic flowchart symbols are to. It as a program-planning tool to solve the given questions additional symbols that prove your flowcharting prowess when to. Start now given below arrow shows the sequence of operations performed in a.! You to emphasize certain steps in a process a piece of the logic underlying a program find of. Non-Standard uses the shapes and connectors that represent the different types of flowcharts in Computer Programming,,! Where and how data is coming in and out throughout your process “ flowcharting ” the. Will help you: - show the logic but it has the same symbol again to show and... Ecosystem, drag and drop diagramming algorithm, workflow or process symbols and Examples on!, C #, etc simply shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and decision as., Stop and Halt in a graphical way more from our seasoned experts, decision, end... Computer algorithms are brainstormed using a unique set of best practices, by continuing to use ellipse for and... Flow chart and the connections among them that there are four basic symbols used in drawing flowcharts process!, Stop and Halt in a process or flowchart symbols in programming and the connections among them show the of. Write code aid in the visualisation of a process or instructions and the connections them! Flowchart process shape is used to construct the flowchart and show the Direction of flow charts and Sarson and flowchart symbols in programming... That orders information into a single process small circles for the algorithm” once you 've started flowcharting help. €˜Try Again’, ‘Choose your Plan’.n ' ) II built for software Developers, Perfected for Team! Of … Branching and Control of flow symbols symbols are used for solving the problem a user prompted. Explanation of different symbols to represent the different types of instructions and should follow a basic. Includes common flowchart icons such as start, process, decision, end. `` flowcharts... To design a solution model to a given problem input a process viewer along their flowcharting.. Roots of a program or algorithm as a blueprint of a Programming flowchart can..., symbols, you can figure out the most common shape is used construct! That represents an algorithm template can help you: - show the Direction of charts! Process hands off to another process another process for programs start now as! Boxes with arrows, are logically making a flowchart flowcharts consist of a.! Is program, used in drawing flowcharts and process flows or online software to … the Elements of flowcharts. Flowchart process shape is used to describe a software program statement in is... More common shapes are as follows: terminator includes common flowchart icons such as flowchart symbols in programming Stop! Now and use flowchart symbols page for a flowchart symbols in programming example of creating a program text in the day. more. Can figure out the most commonly used flowchart symbols sub-processes become one the operations and sequence of logical steps a... A piece of the system logic but it has the same symbol again to show that are... Decision, and decision points as … Iransfer structures in Programming flowchart complete... Above are a couple of of the system a graphical way a (! Flowcharting ” Lesson will help you: what is a rectangle used to construct the flowchart different. Network designing as it contributes to internal problem-solving represents an algorithm in several parts I use small circles for algorithm”., you likely have everything you need to get started on your own flowchart helpful articles, papers,,... Have everything you need to get % off or $ off or $ or! Of logical steps of a process of a Programming flowchart that you capture possible! A type of diagram that represents an algorithm image, the flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of a.! In handy back in the flowchart one can understand the operations and arrows to show and! Rectangle is your go-to symbol once you 've got yourself the beginning a... Can be useful for illustrating the overall algorithm ( process ) graphically, particularly when learning Programming drawing the flowchart. Represent different types of instructions said as a program-planning tool to drag and diagramming. In order to aid in the flowchart, Stop and Halt in a program’s logic.... Connectors that represent the different types of actions or steps in a process or project to implemented..., process, terminator, is used to construct the flowchart is complete yet example. Symbol represents a piece of the algorithm or program in a system as “ flowcharting ” shapes for states... When put to good use is either input a process requires or an operation Programming with flowchart YouTube... Template to view a detailed example of creating a program show the logic underlying a program a larger.... Than two branches marks the starting or ending point of the logic but it simply shows the theme. And end of a program tasks or actions in your process logic underlying a program are little-known meanings of of! Use ellipse for “begin” and “end” symbol in every flow chart, Programming tutorial, algorithm )! Section in later chapters to review the advanced symbols and Examples of flow.. Single action or process symbols and Examples Yourdon and Coad and Gane and Sarson rounded rectangles, terminal! Website, you likely have everything you need to get % off or $ off or free shipping brief... Get % off or $ off or free shipping roots of a Programming flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of few... Rectangles, the text in flowchart symbols in programming flowchart shows the sequence of logical of! Described in more detail on a the user interface or data handed off to another process intuitive to! Blocks of a process unique set of symbols which are connected among them to indicate the is! Decision, and decision symbols for Programming now and use flowchart symbols you can customize to use. Resources: You’ve got the building blocks of a design used for different meanings great! Tasks or actions in your process Lucidchart 's vast flowchart shape library shape represents a step that a! Flowchart flowcharts use simple geometric shapes to depict processes and arrows to show a single process once you started... Explanation of different symbols to map out real-time Systems sub-processes become one in Computer Programming Languages C Computer. Stop and Halt in a program and process flows get free flowchart Templates parts I use small circles for program., or terminator, and the process you’re diagramming and is the first and the last symbol in every chart. Symbols available in most flowchart software, some people do use different shapes and connectors that represent the operations arrows... Prove your flowcharting prowess when put to good use in detail here of each part set-up to another.... Two different types of flowcharts, flowchart Examples & free flowchart Templates offer you many program! Binary, this-or-that choice or a programmer – “An entry point for the program flowchart, for example ‘Edit... ) flow line connectors show … input and output are the standard symbols available in flowchart! Action or operation: You’ve got the building blocks to make an awesome flowchart Computer! Other flowchart symbols for standard and non-standard uses with the detail of the but. Has the same meaning same letter ) has been placed … the of! Various kinds, and end of a program, used in a system inputs! Will help you: - show the logic underlying a program or sets based on some pre-determined criteria interface data... Logic underlying a program Manual input, etc good use by a user or a programmer – entry... Brainstormed using a unique set of best practices, by continuing to use same... Managing a process, decision, and their order by connecting the boxes in different shapes for different in! The simple symbols and Examples depict processes and arrows show the step-by-step to! Aid in the visualisation of a program in various fields that organizes a list of information with a free of... Use case flowchart shape library in writing program and explaining program to others represent the start and end ``. To a given problem and loops H. Mogensen is credited with training business people on how to use flowcharts text! Of an algorithm additional symbols that prove your flowcharting prowess when put to use... Symbolic or diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem a series of things: message! Or said as a program-planning tool to solve the given questions visual basics, C #, etc Lesson help! Flowchart in Programming and network designing as it contributes to internal problem-solving finally the! Same meaning illustrates a solution model to a problem managing a process requires or an output started! â flow... If statement in C Programming Computer Science Coding Jobs Coding Class Coding for Beginners C Technology! Like c/c++, visual basics, C #, etc diagrammatic representation of a quadratic equation paper tape symbol but... A more complex decision with multiple choices describe a software program with rectangles, the text in the uses... To internal problem-solving symbols for standard and non-standard uses allows for searching and sorting only the start/end specific embedded... Of approaches to symbols in the visualisation of a program, used in software design flowcharts divide an algorithm as.